If I Had Shingles Can I Get It Again

Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Vocabulary: Environmental and surround. Issues of big cities.

Grammar: Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Содержание темы

1. Types of Conditionals.
2. Mixed Conditionals.
3. Other tenses in conditional sentences.
4. The Subjunctive.
5. Present and by reference with 'I wish', 'if but' and 'it's (loftier) time'.
6. Expressing wishes and regrets with 'I wish' and 'if only.
7. 'Would' and 'could' after 'I wish' and 'if only'.
8. 'It'due south (loftier) fourth dimension' and 'It'southward (nearly) time'.
9. Expressing personal preference with 'I'd rather/ I'd sooner'.
10. Expressing preferences nigh other people's actions.
11. 'I'd rather.

Grammer

Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Type I Настоящее время	If-придаточое прдложение (hypothesis) + Presen Tenses	Future/Imperatie/can/may/might/must/should + Инфинитив без to
	if + любая форма настоящего времени (Present S., Present Cont. or Nowadays Pert.)
	If you finish work early on, we'll go for a walk.
	If the weather is dainty, we'll go swimming.
		Действия, которые совершаться в настоящем или будущем времени
	If you have finished your coffee, we tin pay the nib.
	If you're ill, encounter a doctor! If you burn yourself, it hurts.
Type 2 Не реальные действия для настоящего или будущего	If + Past Unproblematic or Past Continuous	would/could/might + bare infinitive
	If I had coin, I would travel round the earth. (simply I don't take money - untrue in the nowadays)
	If I were a bird, I could fly.
		Нереальные, которые не совершатся. Для настоящего или будущего времени.
	If I were you, I would take an umbrella, (advice)
Type Iii Не реальные действия для прошедшего времени	If + Past Perfect or By Perfect Continuous	would/could/might + take + past participle
	If nosotros hadn't left so early, we would have missed the plane.
	If I had been invited, I would accept gone to the party.
	If yous had told me before virtually your problems, I would accept helped you , but now information technology's likewise late.	Нереальные, которые не совершились. Для прошедшего времени.
	If the atmospheric condition hadn't been so nasty yesterday, nosotros would non have stayed at dwelling all day long.

Expressions

Conditionals are ordinarily introduced past IF; the following expressions tin can be uses in stead of IF: providing,  provided (that), as long as, in case, on condition (that), merely for (=without), otherwise, or else, what if, supposing, fifty-fifty if, only if, unless.

2.1 If just : This adds emphasis to hypothetical situations. With by events it adds a sense of regret. The second role of the sentence is often left out.

If only  I had enough time!

If simply  I hadn 't drunk too much, this wouldn 't have happened!

2.2 Unless and other alternatives

Unless only if not.  Not all negative IF-sentences can be transformed into unless  sentences.

If he wasn 't told  by Jane, he couldn 't have known .

Unless he was told  by Jane, he couldn 't have known , (can be inverse)

If Mr Smith doesn 't come back , he 'Two phone  you. (cannot be changed)

If one state of affairs depends on some other, information technology can be replaced past as/so long as, provided  or just if .

two.iii But if combines with other time expressions and is used with by simple

Only after posting the letter did  I remember that I had forgotten to put on a stamp. (inversion)

I'll do  what you say provided the police are not  informed.

2.four Even if describes how something volition happen whatever the condition.

Even if it rains , we'll still go  for a picnic.

2.5 But for him , I wouldn't have been able to survive. (If he hadn't helped me…)

2.6 Supposing it rains, volition yous still go for a picnic?

2.seven What if  it rains,  will you go for a walk?

2.8 We  can omit "if", when should, were and  had come before the field of study.

Should, come , tell him to wait for me.

Were y'all, I would speak to her. known , he would accept told us.

iv. Other tenses in conditional sentences

4.1 Going to Going to  tin replace will.

If y'all fall, you lot  're going to  hurt yourself.

If you  're going to  make trouble, we 'Ii telephone call the constabulary.

4.2 Present perfect This can be used to emphasis completion after if.

If y'all' ve finished , then nosotros'll go. It is besides possible in both parts of the sentence.

If I've  told you  in one case, I've told  you a hundred times!

4.iii Doubt and uncertainty

An additional not  can exist added in formal expressions involving dubiety. This emphasizes the uncertainty and does non add a negative significant.

I wouldn 't be surprised if it didn 't rain.  (I think information technology will pelting.)

4.four Should

if,  this makes the possibility of an effect seem unlikely.

If y'all should  encounter Ann, could  y'all ask her to call me?

This implies that I do not wait you to see Ann.

four.5 Were to This also makes an event seem more hypothetical.

If I were to ask  you to marry me, what would yous say?

iv.half-dozen Happen to

This emphasizes chance possibilities. Information technology is ofttimes used with should.

If you  happen to  come across Helen, could y'all enquire her to telephone call me?

If you  should happen to be passing,  drib in for a loving cup of tea.

4.7 If it were not for/If information technology hadn 't been for

This describes how 1 event depends on another.

If it  weren  't for Jim, this company would be in a mess.

If it  hadn 't  been for  their goalkeeper, United would have lost.

4.8 Will and would :  politeness and emphasis These tin exist used as polite forms.

If you  volition/would wait  here, I'll see if Mrs Green is free.

Volition  can also exist used for emphasis, significant 'insist on doing'.

If you volition stay out late, no wonder you are tired! (insist on staying)

4.9 If and adjectives

In expressions such as if it is necessary/possible  it is possible to omit the verb exist. If interested,  apply within.  If necessary,  accept a taxi.

4.10  Formally if tin mean although ,  usually equally if + adjective.

The room was well-furnished, if a petty  badly busy.

5.1 Subjunctive sentences: SUBJECT + VERB + THAT + SUBJECT +  INF. without to

  John's mother insisted that he  return  dwelling house early on.

five.ii. Subjunctive  обозначает особую группу глагольных временных форм (типа pres . — be ; past  — were for all persons  — для глагола to be  или infinitive without to  — для других глаголов), используемых для описания событий, которые вряд ли когда-либо будут иметь место, но которые являются предметом наших надежд, мечтаний, желаний.

v.3 The Present Subjunctive

The Nowadays Subjunctive is used subsequently
Verbs	Impersonal expressions
Indicating that one person wants another one to do something
Advise, gild, need, ask, crave, recommend, command, propose, insist, advise	It is  necessary, important, proposed, recommended, suggested
He suggested that she go  there. He suggested that they should go in that location.	It is suggested that she go  there

5.4 Annotation the departure:

British variant:  I insist that y'all should go out  without her.

   It is recommended that y'all should publish  your volume.

American variant:   I insist that you exit  without her.

   It is recommended that you publish  your book

v.5 The Past Subjunctive  prefers to use were  instead of was.

She behaves as if she were  / was a queen.

I wish it were truthful

six. Present and past reference with 'I wish', 'if just' and 'it'southward (high) time'

(I) wish, if just. it's (high) time and it's (nigh) fourth dimension,  we 'go one tense back':

1 The past tense refers to the present: I wish I had  a better sentinel!  (NOW)

two The past perfect tense refers to the past: If only y'all had asked  me showtime!  (THEN)

vii. Expressing wishes and regrets with 'I wish' and 'if only

vii.1 We often apply I wish  for things that might (even so) happen:

I wish I knew  the answer!  (= it'south possible I might find out the answer)

If only  is stronger. We use it to limited regret for things that can (at present) never happen:

If only your female parent were  alive now!  (Of course, / wish  is as well possible.)

7.2 Nosotros may use the uncomplicated past of be  afterwards wish  and if but

I wish I was  on holiday now.  If merely Tessa was  hither at present!

If nosotros want to exist more formal, we utilize were  in all persons

I wish I were  on vacation now.  If but Tessa were  here!

7.3 We may use the by perfect of be  for things that can never happen:

I wish I had been  on vacation terminal week.  If only Tessa had been  here yesterday!

7.4 We employ the past or past perfect forms of other verbs:

I wish I knew  the reply to your question.

I wish I had known  then what I know now!

8. 'Would' and 'could' after 'I wish' and 'if simply'

We must use could,  non would,  after /and nosotros.  Compare:

I can't swim.                           → I wish I could  swim.

Nosotros weren't together!              → I wish we could accept been together

We sometimes use / wish y'all (he. she.  etc.) would(n't)  like an imperative:

(I am making a lot of noise!)  → I wish yous wouldn't brand so much racket!

(He is making a lot of noise!)  → I wish he would be  quiet!

9. 'It's (high) time' and 'It's (about) fourth dimension'

We use Information technology's time, It'south high fourth dimension  and it's virtually time  to express nowadays or hereafter wishes, or to express our impatience about things that oasis't happened notwithstanding:

Kim can't fifty-fifty boil an egg. - I know.

It's fourth dimension/high time/near time she learnt to cook!

10. Expressing personal preference with 'I'd rather/ I'd sooner'

We use would rather and would sooner to express preference.

We can refer to the nowadays or the future:

I'd rather/I'd sooner be a builder than an architect.

Or we can refer to the past:

If I could choose again, I'd rather/sooner have been  a builder than an builder.

xi. Expressing preferences near other people'southward deportment

11.1 We can refer to other people after I'd rather or I'd sooner.

I'd rather leave  on an earlier train.  (= I'm referring to myself)

I'd rather Jack left on an earlier railroad train. ( I want him to get out)

11.2 We utilise the by tense form after I'd rather to  refer to the present or future.

I'd rather exist  happy.  I'd rather not sit down next to her. (=  for myself)

I'd rather she were/was  happy. (= now)

I'd rather she didn't sit  next to me. (= now)

11.3 Nosotros apply the past perfect form after I'd rather to  refer to by time.

I'd rather have been  present. (=  then - I'm referring to myself)

I'd rather you had been  nowadays,  (then)

I'd rather you hadn't told me  most information technology.  (then)

12. 'I'd rather he didn't'

We generally omit the primary part of the verb in short responses:

12.1 negative responses:

Frank is going to buy  a motorbike. - I'd rather  he didn't.

I′ve told  everyone near it.   - I'd rather  you hadn't.

12.ii affirmative responses:

Frank won't surrender  his present job. - I'd rather  he did.

I haven't told  anyone about it. - I'd rather  you had.

12.3 Nosotros practice not have to repeat the main verb in a complete sentence:

You e'er get  without me and I'd rather  you didn't.

Vocabulary

Ecology and environs. Problems of big cities.

Written report the important vocabulary:

ane. The weather:

Cold weather: the chilly days of autumn, common cold days of winter, frosts, icy roads, sleet rain and snow, astringent blizzards, snowdrifts, freezing atmospheric condition, the ground thaws, water ice melts.

Warm/hot weather: shut, stifling, boiling, scorching, humid, mild, heatwave

Wet weather condition: damp, drizzle, shower, cascade down / downpour, tempest, thunderstorm, torrential rain, alluvion; haze/hazy, mist/misty, fog/foggy, smog

Current of air: gentle cakewalk, adept wind, blustery day, gale warning, hurricane

2. The Natural Earth:

Animals: species, reptile, dinosaur, bird, fish, gills, mammal, nest, wing, tail, claws, mitt, hoof; Flowers and copse: pollen, leaves, branch, trunk, roots, bark; Names of trees: oak, fir, evergreen pine, birch; Verbs: to flower/bloom, extinct, hide, thrive, pick flowers, plant, fertilize, harvest crops.

iii. The environs:

Beck, stream, river; hillock, loma, mountain; cove, bay, gulf; copse, wood, wood;   puddle, pond, lake; footpath, lane, road

Where state meets sea: coast, shore, beach, estuary, cliff, cape,  peninsula;

Words continued with rivers: source, tributary, waterfall, mouth, valley, gorge; Words connected with mountains:  foot, ridge, peak, tiptop, glacier;

4. Environmental problems:

air, river and ocean pollution; overfishing, the greenhouse effect, the destruction of the ozone layer, the devastation of the rainforests, bombardment farming, waste matter disposal, rubbish, re-cycling

We should:  avoid spray cans, practise organic farming, utilise unleaded petrol, recycle paper and canteen banks

Problems: overpopulation, unemployment , famine, ignorance, diseases

Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы

Grammar

1. I finished digging in half an hour just I felt as if I ____ for hours.

1. worked
2. had worked
3. work
4. have worked

two. Information technology's  time nosotros ____ our parents. We ____ them for ____ long fourth dimension.

1. visited, oasis't visited, such
2. have visited, didn't come across, so
3. had visited, hadn't seen, a very
4. visited, haven't seen, such a

three. If I had known that he needed money, I ____ him some. I had ____ dollars to spare.

1. would take borrowed, some
2. might give, few
3. would give, a footling
4. would accept lent, a few

4. His gesture ____ impatience. He looked every bit if he ____ for hours.

1. indicated, is waiting
2. offered, had waited
3. suggested, had been waiting
4. showed, waited

5. He had written his address down the last morn, she remembered, and said that if she ____ to Paris he ____ happy to run across her again.

1. had ever come, will feel
2. comes, will be
3. would come up, may exist
4. always came, would be

vi. Minnie had a souvenir for mathematics and probably could become ____ teaching in the department if she ____ information technology upon graduation.

1. a job, wanted
2. piece of work, will have wanted
3. chore, wished
4. a position, wants

7. He stood stiff and impotent with anger. She stared into the mirror every bit if he ____.

1. doesn't exist
2. didn't be
3. hadn't existed
4.  won't exist

viii. If only we ____ a phone! I'thousand tired of queueing exterior the public phone box.

1. had had
2. had
3. have had
4. can have

9. He said that if the war ____ he would accept to leave the state at once.

1. breaks out
2. broken out
3. bankrupt out
4. will break out

x. So he said: "If this homo ____, the whole dirty story will come out, and I don't want it ____ ."

1. volition be arrested, come out
2. is arrested, to come up out
3. volition arrest, coming out
4. is being arrested, to come out

11. "There are ____ institutions, of grade, but it'due south not very easy to become into them unless you lot ____ influential friends."

1. charitable, haven't got
2. charity's, accept got
3. charity, don't accept
4. charity, have

12. "If nada ____ , said she, beaming at them, we shall be back in England for ____ Christmas."

1. will happen, -
2. happened, a
3. happens, -
4. will have happened, the

xiii. At ____ dawn she looked weak and pale, every bit though she ____ up all nighttime.

1. - , had been
2. the, were
3. a, was
4. - , has been

14. They all acted as if they ____ at a family reunion, as if they ____ each other in years.

1. had been, didn't see
2. were, hadn't seen
3. were, oasis't seen
4. take been, hadn't seen

15. I realized that if they ____ their heads, they ____ my pale confront looking at them over the pile of suitcases.

1. had turned, can come across
2. turned, would be able to run into
3. volition plough, will see
4. accept turned, would see

16. "I have some piece of work that ____ be finished before I ____ on my holiday."

1. would, will go away
2. ought, am away
3. should, will get away
4. must, get away

17. If Martin ____ her ____ that fashion he ____ have taken offence.

1. hears, speaking, can
2. had heard, speak, would
3. heard, to speak, might
4. had heard, speak, must

xviii. They took intendance of her every bit though they ____ her parents.

1. are
2. were
3. had been
4. take been

19. I ____ to aid if I ____ I would exist any use.

1. would suggest, thought
2. will suggest, could have thought
3. might suggest, could call up
4. would offer, idea

twenty. It was long ____ I had last seen her and if someone had not mentioned her name I ____ her.

1. since, mustn't have recognized
2. from, shouldn't recognize
3. since, wouldn't have recognized
4. while, couldn't accept recognized

21. It's high time you ____ in ____ bed too, my child.

1. are, -
2. must be, the
3. were, -
4. should be, a

22. If I hadn't been there something very unpleasant ____ to him.

1. could happen
2. might have happened
3. was to happen
4. must have happened

23. If he ____ at once he might have saved usa a lot of trouble.

1. were sent for
2. is sent for
3. had been sent for
4. will be sent for

24. I could not imagine ____ wishing to spend three months there; unless it ____ somebody who wanted to hide.

1. none, was
2. someone, was not
3. people, were not
4. anyone, was

25. He looked at me as if he ____ what they had on their minds.

1. is wondering
2. has been wondering
3. were wondering
4. had been wondered

26. I wished that Thomas ____ me there.

1. has non brought
2. had not brought
3. does non bring
4. was not brought

27. "But we ____ in conference for 2 hours," he said. "It'due south loftier fourth dimension ____ a tea break."

1. are, having had
2. were, we have
3. have been being, to accept
4. have been, we had

28. If John ____ to run across a dentist, let him ____ toothache.

1. is refusing, to endure
2. refuses, suffer
3. refused, suffering
4. volition pass up, suffering

29. "Yous had meliorate ____ home. You're probable to get into trouble if you ____ hither."

1. go, stay
2. to go, take stayed
3. hurry, volition stay
4. to hurry, are staying

30. If we ____ waterproof coats it ____ pleasant enough to drive in that spring rain.

1. had had, would take been
2. have had, would be
3. shall have, is
4. are having, will be

31. He wondered a niggling ruefully but what Dad ____ if he ____ virtually his relations with Jan.

1. would say, knew
2. might say, had known
3. would have said, learns
4. should say, has learned

32. And then he saw that Doreen ____ , and he felt as though someone ____ him in the stomach.

1. was crying, has kicked
2. had been cried, kicked
3. had been crying, had kicked
4. cried, had been kicked

33. She scarcely seemed ____ what they were saying. It was as though it ____ her.

1. hearing, did non concern
2. to hear, did not business organization
3. listening, was not concerning
4. to understand, had not concerned

34. She remembered as though it ____ just yesterday the first time she ____ them.

1. were, was meeting
2. was, has met
3. has been, met
4. had been, had met

one) will be, are ... discussing

2) were, were ... discussing

3) has been, would ... hash out

4) was, will... discuss

36. If yous    away with him, become at once, but don't ask me   him.

i) will go, to meet

2) will exist going, to have met

3) are going, to see

4) have gone, to be meeting

37. I'thousand not a poet. But if I   poems I   dedicate them to you.

1) would, will

2) can, shall

3) could, would

4) can, would

38. If I   you then, what   you have done?

1) didn't aid, would

two) hadn't helped, would

three) didn't, will

4) oasis't helped, will

39. I wish I       poet to describe it to you.

i) were, a

2) am, a

3) had been, the

4) was, the

40. I'm tired. It's high time yous   and me in peace.

i) go, leave

two) accept gone, have left

3) would have gone, get out

4) went, left

41. Why  that pie last night? I wish I   that pie last nighttime.

1) did I eat, had eaten

2) did I swallow, hadn't eaten

3) have I eaten, hadn't eaten

4) did I eat, didn't swallow

42. If she   he was going to be angry about it, she   that.

ane) knew, won't practise

2) knows, wouldn't practice

3) had known, wouldn't have washed

four) would know, have done

43. Yous wouldn't be so tired today if you   to bed when I told yous to. Something should exist done to aid you.

44. If you lot     your medicine yesterday, you   today.

i) had taken, would be well

2) took, would be better

three) have, will be good

4) accept taken, would take been well

45. If he   such bad writing, I   these messages.

1) didn't have, can have read

2) didn't have, could read

iii) hadn't had, can read

iv) didn't have, could have read

46. Why didn't I ask her out? If only I   her out! Everything   .

ane) ask, will alter

2) asked, would alter

3) had asked, would have changed

four) would inquire, had changed

47. If I    overseas instead of him, I   something and   somebody.

ane) would go, earnt, were

two) would have gone, have learnt, been

3) had gone, might have learnt, been

iv) went, may acquire, be

48. If she   with him at this moment, the doubt and loneliness   evaporate. But he was lonely.

1) was, will

2) were, would

3) have been, would

4) had been, would have

52. I shall become there provided you   to accompany me. Information technology's high time you ____  rything.

i) would consent, are knowing

2) will consent, have known

3) would have consented, know

four) consent, knew

53. If he   your remark, he     offence. And what's more than, I've merely told you lot that talking mends no holes.

1) had heard, would take

ii) heard, would take

3) have heard, would take taken

4) had heard, would accept taken

54. He speaks as if he   the field of study very well.

1) had known

2) is knowing

iii) has known

iv) knew

1) were, would have checked

two) were, would check

three) am, volition check

iv) had been, would check

56. If I a spare ticket this night I  yous to the concert.

i) will have, will accept

2) had, would take

3) will have had, can take

four) had had, could accept

57. If the serpent bite   poisonous, you   very bad now.

i) was, will experience

2) had been, are feeling

3) were, would have felt

4) had been, would feel

58. If she      some lessons, she   her performance.

1) tin can have, might better

two) could have, might improve

3) could accept had, may improve

4) could have, might to improve

one) will turn away, being

2) volition be turning from, take been

3) plow down, be

4) have turned against, to exist

1) If had he been, would have accompanied, might not take place

2) Had he been, would have accompanied, might not have taken place

3) Had he been, would accompany, might not have taken place

iv) If he had been, would accompany, might not take place

61. If they   here, I   and then glad, equally they  everything to me.

1) would be, were, would explicate

2) were, should be, explained

iii) would exist, were, explained

4) were, should be, would explicate

62. If that you   he  very glad.

1) I had told him, would come, would have been

2) had I told him, would come, had been

three) I told him, would have come up, would have been

4) I should tell him, would come, had been

63. If you us so, all the differences might .

64. If you Dr. Smith earlier, y'all ill at present.

i) consult, will be

2) didn't consult, tin can exist

3) had consulted, wouldn't be

4) have consulted, won't exist

65. If we the question at that meeting, our demands .

1) had raised, would accept been met

2) raised, would meet

3) rise, would exist met

4) have raised, won't be met

66. If it night, we our way.

1) is, would have lost

2) hadn' t been, might not have lost

three) wasn't, can have lost

four) were, will lose

67. I wish y'all rude remarks about me.

2) are not making

3) wouldn't make

4) hadn't fabricated

68. He looked at his sister as if he anything similar her.

1) didn't ever seen

2) has never seen

3) tin can't see

4) had never seen

69. The exams . Information technology's time we downward to work.

i) are coming, got

two) come, become

3) will come, are getting

iv) have come, are

70. I wish more people in the office your sense of humor, Jack.

i) have

ii) can accept

3) will take

4) had

Vocabulary

1. Find the right word.

1. During the storm, the climbers sheltered in a cave/cliff/valley.
2. The fields were flooded after the river flare-up its banks/edges/sides.
3. In the middle of the square there is an onetime fountain/source/tap.
4. After the rain the street was full of floods/lakes/puddles.
5. A modest river/stream/torrent  runs beyond the bottom of our garden.
6. You must deport a lot of water when you cross the desert/plain/sand.
7. From the tiptop/summit/top  of the loma you tin see the sea.
8. It was difficult to swim because the waters/waves/tides  were so high.
9. I call up information technology'due south going to rain. It's very overcast/clouding/cloudy.
10.  The church defenseless fire when information technology was struck past hurricane/lightning/thunder.

2. Cull the right variant:

i. Many people are interested in watching............

1) wild fauna    2) wilds    3) wilderness

2.The dog.........its tail furiously when it saw the children.

1) shook    2) wagged    3) moved

three. A large.........of the tree broke off in the storm.

one) trunk    2) bark    3) branch

iv. The children enjoyed rolling down the grassy............

1) mountain    2) cliff   3) slope

5. There was field afterwards field of golden..........waving in the current of air.

1) corn    2) bushes    3) herbs

6. You accept to sleep under a net to avoid being bitten by...........

i) lobsters   2) cockroaches    iii) mosquitoes

7. Before railways were built, many appurtenances were carried on..........

i) channels    two) canals    3) river.

viii. Some wild animals volition become.........if they go used to people.

i) tame    two) organised    3) petty

three. Put the right word in each space:

1. We collect beloved from our own bee.....................
2. At that place's a rabbit....................in the corner of this field.
3. In that location'due south a drinking....................on the other side of the park.
4. The hill....................was covered in beautiful wild flowers.
5. What's the weather....................for tomorrow?
6. You tin see the mountain....................among the clouds in the altitude.

4. Choose the right reply:

1. At that place has been some other increase/rising  in the amount of crime.
2. The railroad train was in accident/standoff  with a jitney on a level crossing.
3. Many people were injured when the edifice demolished/collapsed.
4. No ships are sailing today because of the high/storm  winds.
5. The authorities has announced plans to help the poor/poverty.
6. Anybody agrees that the environment/nature  must be protected.
7. In that location are few jobs hither and many people are away from work/unemployed.
8. The driver of the coach admitted that he had done/made  an fault.
9. At that place was a large sit-in/manifestation  against nuclear power.

5. Put the right discussion in each infinite:

1. Nutrient has been sent to areas in Africa suffering from........................
2. Many people live in overcrowded.......................on the edge of the city.
3. The toll of.......................has risen steadily this twelvemonth.
4. Thousands of buildings roughshod down during a severe........................
5. The eruption of the volcano was a terrible........................
6. Hundreds of people were drowned during the.......................in People's republic of china.
7. Large cities face the problem of what to do with household........................
8. Doctors announced that there was now a cure for the........................

TEXT

Radar

On May 7th, 1915, during the First World War (1914-1918), a large British passenger ship, the Lusitania, was sailing in perfect weather from America to England, with two thousand people on board. Suddenly, at about half past two in the afternoon, at that place were 2 fearful explosions. The send shook from stop to end, and many people were thrown off their anxiety. A German submarine had fired at the Lusitania and blown two holes in her bottom. The bounding main rushed into her engine-rooms, and almost immediately the ship began to sink.

She sank in only twenty minutes; and nearly 1 grand people lost their lives.

The helm could not see the submarine that attacked his ship, and he had no instrument to show him the danger. Now the danger of surprise attacks against ships and collisions with icebergs is greatly reduced by radar. This radio instrument finds the position and distance of objects which the human eye may not exist able to see; it also records the direction and speed of moving objects, such equally ships and aeroplanes. Radar tin pick out objects more a hundred miles away in the worst weather conditions, when nosotros can see perhaps no further than a hundred yards.

Radar works in this way. Powerful transmitters ship out a stream of radio-waves, called "pulses", at the rate of perchance one thousand every 2d. These pulses shoot through the air at a speed of one hundred and lxxx-six 1000 miles a second till they hit an object, perhaps a ship, an plane, an iceberg or a hill. These pulses cannot become through the object; and and then they immediately shoot back at the same speed, in the reverse direction, and striking the aerial of the radar. The moment this happens, a spot or line of light appears on the radar screen, showing the position and distance of the object.

Today radar is used for many peaceful purposes all over the earth. Modern ships of all nations bear radar to assistance them sail in bad atmospheric condition, when information technology is possible to see for a distance of perhaps only a few hundred yards. In the past, the captain usually had to ballast his transport at such times and expect for atmospheric condition to improve. Simply today a send with radar can sail in almost any weather conditions, with no danger of an accident.

Radar also helps to guide aeroplanes across the world. Radio signals chosen beams are transmitted into the sky from land radio stations at a number of points along their course. The pilots tin hear these signals on their radio and see them on their radar screen. The beams arg like sign-posts in the sky. A pilot guides his aeroplane towards one axle, and then flies on to the next axle. At the finish of his journeying, he will land his plane with the help of radar.

Trained men at the airport lookout man the plane on their radar screen and tell the pilot by radio the course to follow, they tell him when and by how much to reduce top, and give any other orders that may be necessary.

(Word count 539)

Answer the questions to text

1. The Lusitania was wrecked because

one) she was overloaded with two k people aboard

two) of the fearful explosion of some substance she carried on board

iii) she got sudden gaps in her bottom

4) she carried out military machine operations during the Showtime Globe War

2. Which of the following observations reflects the main idea of the text best of all?

i) Radar is i of the vitally important discoveries of the 20th century

2) Radar could have prevented the catastrophy of the Lusitania

iii) To be able to utilize radar one should know in detail how it works

4) Radar is widely used in aviation and sailing

iii. Radar is very helpful in

1) forecasting weather conditions.

ii) striking various objects, such as ships, aeroplanes, icebergs, hills.

iii) recording the direction and speed of moving objects over a hundred miles away.

4) sending out radio-waves to transmit information.

4. Which of the following statements is non truthful?

1) Now the danger of surprise attacks confronting ships is eliminated by radar.

2) Before the invention of radar sailing must have taken a longer fourth dimension than now.

3) Ships all over the world began to bear radar not before the invention of the

radio.

4) Radar is used for spotting distant objects.

5. It follows from the text that

ane) the passengers of the Lusitania died in the accident.

two) radar is used only in bad weather conditions, when nosotros tin see perhaps no

farther than a hundred yards.

three) the radar effect would be impossible if the pulses were not reflected by the

target objects.

4) anyone can guide aeroplanes with the aid of radar.

Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы

ТЕСТ

I. Выберите единственный правильный вариант из предложенных для заполнения пропуска.

one. The chairman proposed that the thing  _____  at the adjacent meeting.

1) be decided

ii) should decide

3) to be decided

4) will exist decided

2. If yous  _____  this book you lot  _____  to supervene upon it.

ane) will lose, volition take

ii) lose, volition have

3) had lost, must

4) volition lose, will need

3. We insist that a coming together _____ as soon every bit possible.

one) to be held

2) should be held

3) volition be held

4) to concur

four. If Alison ____ another one-half hour's work, she ____ it past the time the children go home.

1) has washed; finished

two) would exercise; would have finished

3) does; volition take finished

4) did; finishes

5. If you  _____  more than than ten books we  _____  the toll of each book by 10%.

1) buy, will reduce

2) will buy, reduce

3) will buy, will reduce

4) take bought, reduced

6. Alison was very surprised and recommended that we ____ all the papers advisedly.

ane) volition check

2) are checking

3) might check

4) should bank check

7. If I ____ a pay rise, I'yard going to buy a new car.

ane) will become

2) got

3) get

4) would get

8. Mary-Ann recommended that I _____ careful, and warned not to open the door without asking who it was.

i) demand to be

2) was to be

iii) will exist

4) be

9. I was a trifle taken aback, for my cousin spoke as though he _____ me before and I was afraid my friends would call back so.

1) never saw

ii) has been seen

iii) would take never seen

4) had never seen

ten. Henry took her mitt and said, looking in her eyes: "I'd rather you ____ anyone about  our chat."

i) tell

2) won't tell

3) didn't tell

4) don't tell

11. I wish you ____ me earlier that you tin't come up to dinner tonight.

i) tell

ii) told

iii) had told

four) had been told

12. The children rose  _____  later the poor meal, as if they  _____  at all.

ane) hungry, did not eat

2) hungrily, had not eaten

3) feeling hungry, accept not eaten

4) hungry, had non eaten

xiii. "Information technology'southward high time you ____ to await subsequently yourself," Alison demanded.

1) learned

two) learn

3) had learned

4) have learned

fourteen. Information technology'due south time that team ____ a match. They haven't won a friction match for ages.

1) has won

two) wins

3) won

4) will win

fifteen. I was every bit bad-mannered and shy with her as if I  _____  poor Henry.

1) had wounded

2) wounded

3) were wounded

four) had been wounded

Рекомендуемая литература

1. English Grammat in Use, Raymond Irish potato, Cambridge University Printing, 1997

(pp 74-81)

1. Advanced Grammer in Use, Martin Hewings, Cambridge University Printing, 2000

( рр  198-207)

1. Tests, Texts and Topics for your English language Exams, Ю . Б . Кузьменкова , Издательство " Титул », 2002 (pp 55-57)
2. The Heinemann English Grammar, Digby Beaumont and Colin Granger, Heintmann, 1992 ( рр  111-120)
3. Revising, Reading and Reasoning for your English language Exams, Ю . Б . Кузьменкова , А . Р . Жаворонкова , И . В . Извольская , Издательство " Титул », 2002 (pp 71-76)

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